Final draft of citations for English research paper
1. 1.Operationally defines the terms so that we may move forward with comparing the two and recognize specific examples from twin studies to back it up. Nature is everything that comes with us when we enter this world: from birth we are coded with information called DNA that gives us our personality. Nurture is everything but what is on the inside: every outside influence is taken into account and affects each one of us differently. That simple word differently, that no one can deny because no two people are the same, is the flaw behind nurture therefore showing that nature is the true way to explain how we become what we are.
Sir Francis, Galton. English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture. 1st edition . New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1895. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=CCepY1AJYNQC&pg=PA9&dq=Nature versus nurturegalton&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1800&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr=0&cd=2
2. 2.Moore interestingly enough claims that Galton was the first person to come up with the idea of a twin study, which would revolutionize the way we look at the issue between nature and nurture. He goes onto point out that twins who were similar to each other in mind and body as children remained similar throughout their lives, even when separating as adults and leading their own lives. Also, the terms correlation and causation are operationally defined, and add another perspective to my argument in that correlation does not prove causation therefore the correlation between a person’s personality and upbringing does not necessarily mean that their upbringing is what shaped their personality.
Moore, David S. The Dependent Gene. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=GkMJDdcL7QUC&pg=PA35&dq=Nature versusnurturegalton&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1800&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr=0&cd=7
3. 3.This piece of literature challenges us to think about the age-old debate in a new way, that indeed the factors of nature and nurture are innately inseparable and to accept the fact that genes are designed to react to our surroundings. The looming influence that has dominated the way we approach this issue since its inception is none other than Charles Darwin, whose theories on nature as a whole came to be trusted. By taking no stance at all in the matter and just stating the history of the debate, my ethos is established and any claims of bias is thwarted.
Matt, Ridley. Nature Via Nurture. Ney York: HarperCollins Publishers , 2003. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=imhiZuOKBNoC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=nature vs. nurture&ots=apes0oU69r&sig=lRgFfCRZAapr2C34eKYHqCKZRjw
4. 4.Yet another point of view is discussed in this piece of literature: by looking at cases of childhood neglect one can determine that although children have specific gene patterns that predetermine their personalities, if the most basic needs are not met then it becomes increasingly more difficult to say how that child will turn out or even survive. The book gives evidence of the necessity of both emotional and physical contact for maturing children, and if these needs are not met than serious damage is done to the brain. Finally, they discuss how some of the synaptic pathways in the brain, which are used to send messages throughout the brain such as growth and development, tend to be a “use it or lose it” type of deal.
Perry, Bruce D. Brain and Mind. 1st edition. Volume 3. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. 79-97. eBook. <http://www.springerlink.com/content/e4h7b2e6nq9ew9mm/>.
5. 5.This is the story of how two identical twins, both authors Paula Bernstein and Elyse Schein, were separated at birth and reunited again 35 years later in 2004. This is the only published book that gives vivid accounts of both of the separated twins firsthand, as it grew from journals of reflection that each sister and exchanging emails about what their interests are into a full project that needed to be published. Paula and Elyse’s mother was mentally ill when the two of them were born, so because she was deemed unfit to raise the both of them they were separated and placed into different orphanages. After much research, the twins found that they were separated not because of fate or circumstance, but because of a secret twin study.
Bernstein, Paula, and Schein Elyse. Identical Strangers. Random House Digital, Inc. , 2007.eBook.<http://books.google.com/books?id=cigbnF0T6pUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=twinstudiesinnaturevs.nurture&hl=en&ei=2WmYTqKCG4GltweM_MDjAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&ved=0CE8Q6wEwBA
6. 6.Dowling demonstrates how our brains develop over a lifetime and how the consequences of both nature and nurture effect the growth through each stage. Because Dowling is a neuroscientist, we get the ethos of a trained professional in looking at how the connections between the brain and vision, how the brain is able to learn a new language, ect.
John E., Dowling. The Great Brain Debate: Nature or Nurture?. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress,2004.eBook.<http://books.google.com/books?id=cxuVWXoGY_8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=naturevs.nurturedebate&hl=en&ei=PHWYTsngF4aftwegmsTmAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=3&ved=0CEYQ6wEwAg
7. On record, there have been approximately 5,500 twin studies that have been performed since 1966 according to the national library of medicine. Twin studies are the only true way to measure intelligence and personality, because if our understanding is correct, the existence of twins is the only true way measure humans as equals therefore things such as deviance and right or wrong can be measured. According to the research used, humans are lower class because we don’t have enough mental capacity to raise ourselves from the status quo.
Pekkanen, John. "Nature or Nurture?." Washingtonian 05 10 2000. n. pag. Lexis Nexis Academic. Web. 18 Oct 2011. <http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/?shr=t&csi=11412&sr=HLEAD(Nature or nurture?) and date is October, 2000>.
8. The Bell Curve is a controversial novel in which the term intelligence is defined, shown through history, and finally discussed in our present situation through examples of how our society has been shaped to show the differences in intelligence. In response to how our society has become what is today, many political scientists and politicians seek explanations for why history has paved the way for today’s society. Of course there are always those incredible individuals who will stop at nothing for success, but as a whole why are those who are brought into this world with every advantage allowed to succeed while those who go without are doomed to a life of poverty?
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Charles Murray. The Bell Curve. 1st edition. New York: Free Press Papaerbacks, 1996. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=s4CKqxi6yWIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the bell curve&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=XLGdTrKsC-r20gGHw4DGCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6wEwAA
9. This biography of Sir Francis Galton’s work regarding eugenics, heredity in twins, and the statistics that he discovered and tested for shows that he is the undisputed father of not only the idea to compare twins for research, but also the debate itself of nature versus nurture in psychology. With Galton’s work, statistical proof is presented as evidence as to why nature trumps nurture. Galton’s work is broken down into numbers and formula’s that serve as undeniable mathematical evidence for how many sets, where they were sampled, and the importance of the twins.
Pearson, Karl. The Life, Letters, and Labour of Francis Galton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1924. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=NB2edERtfiAC&pg=PA129&dq=francis galton twin&hl=en&ei=hsCdTq3cFLONigLHy5yGCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg
10. Although another biography of the essential Sir Francis Galton, this work offers us not only numbers and statistics but also a breakdown of how Galton’s work truly revolutionized the way the world looks at psychology and the study of the human mind. The book implies that although being the father of modern day eugenics has negative connotations due to the actions of those such as Hitler who gave the word a whole new meaning, Galton’s work was intended for the betterment of mankind and his thinking brought us forward in answering the ever-present question of why?
Gillham, Nicholas W. A Life of Sir Francis Galton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=pJfgUvTPAv8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=a life of sir francis galton&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=ucedTqWpDeKJsQLHz-nOCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6wEwAA
11. This is the most widely used dictionary in America, and I am using it to operationally define the word twins so that I can provide a basis for my research on the topic and compare this definition to Sir Francis Galton’s definition.
Merriam-Webster Inc. , First. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th edition. United States of America: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2004. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=TAnheeIPcAEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=webster dictionary&hl=en&ei=BtGdTtSJJerv0gGPhvDLCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBA
12. My one and only article serves as a necessity because it provides evidence of current and up-to-date resources for twin research. These can be used for a myriad of things, but for what I will be presenting and analyzing throughout this paper I will use the biological and scientific language and findings. This article goes into great depth about genotypes and phenotypes and how the similarities and minute differences offer an explanation of the past twin studies that have been performed.
Boomsma, Dorret, Andreas Busjahn, and Leena Peltonen. "Classical Twin Studies and Beyond." Nature Reviews Genetics. (2002): n. page. Web. 18 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg932.html>.
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